Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Essay - 3915 Words

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome, better known as S.I.D.S., is one of the leading causes for the inflated infant mortality rate in this country today. It is often misunderstood or unrecognizable. For the most part, the causes of SIDS are unknown to the general public. This is changing, however, as public awareness is ever increasing. Thus, the purpose of this paper will be to explain sudden infant death syndrome and its known or suggested causes. Also, the history of SIDS, the problems and emotional suffering that results from the loss of a child, the toll it takes on the surviving sibling, and possible counseling or other help that is available for parents who may have lost a child to SIDS are†¦show more content†¦Today where more research in this area is needed, researchers are making strides in combating this disease. But understanding the crucial aspects of SIDS and how to prevent it, are still limited. The leaders in this field are hoping to improve understanding of this disease by providing direction and opportunities for more quality intensified research. According to L. Stanley James, MD, chair of neonatology at Columbian Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, The government is now having a rejuvenation of SIDS research, and over the next five years, they are going to be putting in thirty to forty million dollars. The direction will be supplied through a five year research plan proposed by a panel of experts from The National Institute of Child and Human Development in Bethesda, Maryland (Zylke 1565). In response to a Senate request, there will be representatives from the fields of epidemology, neonatology, cardiorespiratory and sleep research, neuroscience, behavioral medicine, pathology, infectious disease, immunology and metabolism to meet an release a report on current knowledge and research recommendations (Zylke 1565). It was important to this group that people would have a definition of SIDS that would be acceptable to all. The current definition of SIDS, developed in 1969, states SIDS as being the sudden death of any infant or young child which is unexpected by history and in whichShow MoreRelatedEssay Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1594 Words   |  7 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a mysterious phenomena that has managed to confound science so far. SIDS is defined as the sudden death of any infant or young child that is unexpected by history and in which a thorough post mortem examination fails to demonstrate an adequate cause (Hunt Brouillette, 1987). It is the leading cause of death in infants in developed countries occurring at a rate of almost 2 per 1000 births. It most often occurs in infants betweenRead MoreEssay Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1401 Words   |  6 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent cause of death between 1 month and 1 year of age (Naeye). SIDS is defined as the sudden death of any infant or young child that is unexpected by it’s history, and in which a thorough postmortem examination fails to determine an adequate cause (Hunt 1987). It is important to consider both aspects of this definition in order not to ‘overdiagnose’ SIDS. A mistake of this nature would occur with failure to reportRead MoreEssay on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1856 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causes toRead MoreA Study On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1664 Words   |  7 Pagespaediatrician from Norway and Sweden and the forensic institution of Denmark invited parents of sudden infant death syndromes (SIDS) to take part in the study. Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby. There were several aims behind the study. The main aim of the study was to overlook whether smoking was a cause of risk for sudden infant death syndrome and whether the consequence is owed to maternal smoking during the pregnancy or to inhalingRead MoreThe Case Of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1820 Words   |  8 Pagesdisability and death.† Thus, high quality evidence needs to be based on the research, which can establish efficacy in one particular population, but also on the effectiveness of the intervention in the specific population. (Riegelman and Kirkwood, 2015). For many public health issues interventions play a crucial role in getting such issues under control. In the case of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in Native American populations infants were ranked second highest in SIDS deaths in the U.S. atRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;SIDS, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, a leading cause of death in infants under the age of one, has left medical experts unable to clearly define sudden infant death syndrome. After thirty years of research, the medical field has not discovered definite causes for SIDS. Medical experts have suggested many theories that have been studied and debated. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the Western world, SIDS is the most common cause of death for infants between twoRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or crib death is an abrupt and inexplicable death of an apparently healthy infant. Most of the cases involve infants from ages 1-12 months, and the event occurs during the night. Various theories have been postulated from research results but without consistency of the etiology. Since the death is sudden, prior diagnostic criteria or patterns are not available for correlation, although some near-miss infants have beenRead MoreSudden Infant Death Syndrome - Research Paper1872 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Sudden Infant Death Syndrome remains the leading cause of post-neonatal mortality (under the age of one) in developed countries. The causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have been puzzling and research is being conducted to solve this catastrophic problem. Having a child under the age of one makes me very concerned, along with any other parent(s), that the possibility of SIDS could affect any infant at anytime, SIDS does not discriminate. I am seeking to find the possible causesRead MoreEssay on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)802 Words   |  4 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Many questions about the causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as â€Å"crib death,† are still unresolved. The mysterious and elusive nature of SIDS creates problems, doubts, and more questions. This paper will present some of the most commonly asked questions as well as the answers that have been uncovered by scientists after years of research and study. In 1969, researchers agreed to define SIDS as â€Å"the sudden death of an infant or youngRead More Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS and African Americans Essay2616 Words   |  11 PagesSudden Infant Death Syndrome and African-Americans Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that many people still are trying to figure out why it happens to these babies. This syndrome is described as an unexplained death of an infant younger than one year of age. SIDS is frightening because it can strike without warning and affect a good, healthy infant. Most SIDS deaths occur at night and without warning. SIDS victims may have been down for sleep for as little as ten minutes, they

Learning Theories Theory Of Behaviorism - 1037 Words

Learning Theories Essay Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a black box in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. Edward Thorndike did research in animal behavior before becoming interested in human psychology. He set out to apply the methods of exact science to educational problems by emphasizing accurate quantitative†¦show more content†¦Cognitivism and Instructional Design Although cognitive psychology emerged in the late 1950s and began to take over as the dominant theory of learning, it wasn t until the late 1970s that cognitive science began to have its influence on instructional design. Cognitive science began a shift from behavioristic practices which emphasized external behavior, to a concern with the internal mental processes of the mind and how they could be utilized in promoting effective learning. The design models that had been developed in the behaviorist tradition were not simply tossed out, but instead the task analysis and learner analysis parts of the models were embellished. The new models addressed component processes of learning such as knowledge coding and representation, information storage and retrieval as well as the incorporation and integration of new knowledge with previous information (Saettler, 1990). Because Cognitivism and Behaviorism are both governed by an objective view of the nature of knowledge and what it means to kn ow something, the transition from behavioral instructional design principles to those of a cognitive style was not entirely difficult. The goal of instruction remained the communication or transfer of knowledge to learners in the most efficient, effective manner possible (Bednar et al., inShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism And Social Learning Theory1531 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism and social learning theory are examples of two mechanistic theories that focus on explaining children’s behavior. Social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and imitation. On the other hand, behaviorism is rooted in focusing on how the environment impacts development. The environment shapes the child’s development as the child strives to adapt to the environment. Both theories deal with explaining behavior and consist of similarities, but are composed of different elementsRead MoreLearning Theories: Behaviorism and Constructivism1575 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge learning theory that can be employed to get the highest level of learning and training amongst the students. The nature of learning and cultural aspects are two of the mist important elements that can help the teachers decide on a learning theory that is most suitable for their educational structure and environment. In this paper we will highlight the different natures of learning a nd cultural aspects keeping in mind three specific knowledge learning theories: 1) behaviorism and constructivism;Read MoreBehaviorism or Social Cognitive Learning Theory1429 Words   |  6 Pages Behaviorism and social cognitive theories are two great theories to use when setting up a behavior management plan in the classroom. They both offer reinforcements to get desired behaviors. Social cognitive theory focuses on observations that can be used to understand what and how people learn and how they take control of their own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p. 323). Behaviorism focuses on environmental stimuli that changes individual’s behaviors (Ormrod, 2011, p. 285). Observing and taking careRead MoreLearning Theory Behaviorism Essay example2973 Words   |  12 Pages THE LEARNING THEORY BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIORIST GORDON ALLPORT AND BURRHUS SKINNER INTRODUCTION The behavoristic approach has exerted a strong influence on American Psychology. The basic ideas of behaviorism are: human behavior is a product of the Stimulus-Response interaction and that behavior is modifiable. It has triggered scientific experiments and the use of statistical procedures. Most importantly, it has turned the attention of psychology to solving real behavior related problemsRead MoreLearning Theories, Behaviorism And Social Cognitive Theory1216 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Learning is a complex process that influences the knowledge and behaviours that humans do, or do not develop to adapt to a variety of situations (Ormrod, 2016). However, for people with disability, this learning process can often be hindered by the lack of abilities, or external and internal stimuli such as prejudice and self-efficacy respectively (Conyers, Enright, Strauser, 1998). The following essay will discuss two learning theories, behaviourism and social cognitive theory (SCT), inRead MoreLearning Theories, Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism And E Learning1546 Words   |  7 Pagesthree commonly used learning theories (Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism) on online courses. The description of the implication of these learning theories can add to the procedure of learning for the learner. Online learning has developed quickly in the previous couple of years in schools obliging educators to learn compelling approaches to fabricate online groups of learners. There are obstructions to avoid and key segments to incorporate, while making online learning environments. In thisRead Morebehaviorism vs humanism1043 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Behaviorism vs. Humanism Heather Murphy PSY331: Psychology of Learning Instructor Corey Pruitt September 1, 2014 Behaviorism vs. Humanism Behaviorism and humanism are two theories of learning. Both theories are very important, and have many good qualities, which makes it difficult to say that one is better than the other. When it comes to learning, behaviorism does not consider mental processes, rather it looks at our response to stimuli in our environment. Whereas, humanismRead MoreComparison Between Behaviorism and Cognitive Theories in Tesol844 Words   |  4 PagesBETWEEN BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVE THEORIES IN TESOL After decades of development of learning theories, many approaches have been inspired and researched basing on the two most popular theories, behaviorism and cognitive theories. Because of their diverse significant devotion at a certain period in pedagogical history, these theories have been brought on debate over and over, to answer the fundamental question of what is learned (Navarick, 2002). â€Å"The primary difference between these two theories is theRead MoreLearning And Its Implications For Education Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesLearning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt, and manage life without learning. However, everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016) states, â€Å"When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to understand the various theories of learning and their implications for education, it is helpful to realize that the termRead MoreBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism the Developmental Grand Theory Hillary C. Wade Cisco College Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 2314 Lifespan Growth and Development, Fall Mini-Semester, Taught by Linda Grant. Abstract Out of all the theories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov

Nervous System Essay Example For Students

Nervous System Essay Nervous SystemThe two types of the nervous system are the Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. They are responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating Sensory data and motor commands the central nervous system, which interprets sensory input and carry information to maintain homeostasis. CNS cant be regenerate because a CNS consists of the spinal cord that mean if its break the spinal cord is break also. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord. It is a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cord. The PNS can be regenerate and it will regrow. The brain and spinal cord are the main parts of the nervous system. The brain controls every part of your body and is located top of our head inside our skull. The spinal cord with controls our movement. Nerve cells contain 3 parts: dendrites, cell body and the axon. Dendrite is the receiving part of the neuron. It is a short extension of the c ell bodyAnd send signals toward the cell body and the cell body conducts nerve impulses which in the transmission of the nerve impulses from the region to the other cell. The axon is a single extension carries the message to the next neuron, which controls all of the nerves. The nerve impulse is response of the neuron. There are 3 classes of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Neurons are also called nerve cells. A sensory neuron takes information from a receptor to the CNS. A motor neuron takes information away from the CNS. An interneuron transfer information between neurons in the CNS. It also sending out signal to the muscles resulting in contraction or movement. Nerves impulse occurs when an action potential changes rapidly. When action potential occurs, the sodium gates will open as Na+ flowing into the axon the changes from -65mV to +40mV, this is call depolarization and during repolarization the charge as k+exits the axon from +40 mV to -65mV. Synapse is where each axon bulb lies very close to dendrite of another neuron. A molecules transmit across a synapse is called neurotransmitters which are stored in synapse. Our brain belongs to the section of the CNS. It made up of 3 main parts, which are cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Cerebrum is to control voluntary action: 5senses, movement and thinking. Cerebellum is to maintain normal muscle tone, posture and balance. Brainstem is to control the involuntary action: breathing, sleeping and heartbeat. Words/ Pages : 419 / 24

To Da-duh, in Memoriam Essay Example

To Da-duh, in Memoriam Essay Firstly, the story is written in the first person narrative. The narrator writes about a memory and therefore it is autobiographical in nature. This is confirmed by the in Memoriam in the title of the story which shows that the story was written in memory of her grandmother, Da-duh. The story is told from the eyes of the writers nine year old self and we see the story solely through the child. While the tone is personal because the narrator is personally involved in the story, there is also emotional distance. It gives the impression that the emotional events are viewed through the eyes of an outsider or a third person due to the way the story is told: through facts and the narrators recollection of the event.The passage begins with the narrator informing us about how Da-duh was the one who always brought up New York with some slighting remark on her part. It seems as though Da-duh voluntarily gave her granddaughter a chance to fight her case by making comments such as they dont have anything this nice or foolish people in New York that was bound to get a reaction or a comeback from the narrator. This would then unravel into a back and forth game as Da-duh would be then allowed to try and prove her wrong. In addition, Da-duhs comments about New York and its foolish people and her faint mocking smile show the superiority she feels her world has over her granddaughters.As the narrator tells her grandmother about the everyday machines back in New York, she leans that one of Da-duhs signs of surrender was her fear, a fear nameless and profound. The simplest interpretation we can come up with is Da-duhs free of technology. The narrator observes that it was the same fear Da-duh felt that day in the lorry. This suggests that Da-duh has a fear and distrust of lorries and from that we can conclude that it applies to all forms of technology and signs of modernization.However, the nameless fear may not be specified to a single fear. We see from early on that we have not o nly stepped into the world of culture and tradition but also into Da-duhs world. Shes in control, shes a monarch amid her court. She knows her granddaughter the things that she believes makes Barbados better than New York. We get the impression that Da-duh attempts to enchant and influence her granddaughter into falling in love with her world and, being a strong character, she may have thought it to be a piece of cake. What she didnt count on was for her granddaughter to be the exact same way: stubborn and proud. In my opinion, Da-duhs nameless fear was the fear of losing her granddaughter to the modern world entirely. She feared not being in control and her granddaughter winning the petty rivalry.The narrator accompanies her grandmother amid the canes or down in the gully while she tells her about her towering world of steel and concrete and machines. The writer portrays how in Barbados and in Da-duhs world, they are surrounded by agriculture and ditches while in the narrators worl d; theyre surrounded by technology and modernization. The towering world suggests that the narrator also believed that her world was superior to her grandmothers. We see here that both the granddaughter and grandmas characters were similar to each other: they were proud of their worlds. This creates a conflict between them and a clash between their worlds while the one tries to prove to the other that they are not mistaken.Furthermore, we learn of Da-duhs ignorance of the truth of her own world. The narrator tells her grandmother about the luxury of machines and Da-duh asks whether the white people have all these things too or its only the people looking like us (them). Once again, this shows that Da-duh believes that her race has the upper hand over the white people. However, the narrator tells her that the white people have even better. This is in reference to the fact that Barbados once belonged to the white minority and that it was colonized by the British Empire. The sugar cane s that Da-duh was so proud of were the reason for the African slavery and that in reality, back then, the white people were more superior. Da-duhs lack of knowledge of her own heritage shows that what she is immensely proud of is only because of what she believes it to be. It depicts how Da-duh doesnt have any knowledge beyond her world and how wrapped up there she is to be this ignorant while the narrator knows and believes otherwise due to the modern world.As we read on, the difference in their way of speaking becomes apparent. The granddaughter uses the phrase What dya mean, while her grandmother says how you mean in expressing the same thought. Being from New York, the shortening of words may reflect on the lifestyle that she leads. The apostrophe in dya represents a missing letter or a vowel that is omitted when said and this might be the case for New Yorkians as they are too busy and always in rush to enunciate words properly. Its also a lot more American. Meanwhile, her grand mother uses something more Barbadian and old-fashioned. This further shows the reader how different words of different generations and cultures can be.At this point in the story, for a paragraph, there is shift in perspective. Initially, we were reading the story through a nine year olds eyes who didnt seem to appreciate what her grandmother showed her of the traditional world of Barbados because she was busy backing up her own world. The view was petty, even immature maybe and she obviously didnt understand a lot. However, when the narrator describes the incredibly tall royal palm that Da-duh shows her, we see maturity. She writes not from what the nine year old sees but what she believes her grandmother saw. Her grandmother viewed the palm as royal as it was the one last thing she had left to prove that her world was superior. Marshall uses metaphors and personifications such as flaunting its dark crown to convey how majestic the palm was to Da-duh. Very rich language is used to p aint a vivid image of something paranomic. We know that the nine-year old couldnt have possibly processed it as that and therefore this is the present Marshall writing. The reader then understands that in hindsight, the granddaughter understands what Da-duh meant and where she was coming from. Moreover, the different way they both view things also presents the two different worlds. Coming from an agricultural traditional word, Da-duh learnt to appreciate nature and immaterial things while the narrator grew up in a big city and so finds it hard to relate with her grandmother.Da-duh watches her granddaughter witness the one thing that she thought would guarantee her victory: the palm. Da-duh watched her a long time and very quietly, letting the narrator absorb the big picture. This implies that her grandmother wanted her win to be grand; a dramatic end to the rivalry that she believed she would win from the very beginning. However, we see that her granddaughter couldnt give her that s atisfaction even though she almost wished, seeing her face, that I (she) could have said no. This conveys that while either of them refused to give in to the very end, there was love somewhere between it all. The granddaughter did care about her grandmother and was ready to let her win because she understood how much it meant to her. There was one thing that stopped her from doing that very thing: her pride and stubbornness that she had inherited from no other than her Da-duh.Once the narrator had claimed her victory by painting a picture of the Empire State Building for her grandmother, we see that Da-duh does not take it lightly. She was trembling with rage as she accused her granddaugther of lying. We get the impression that her granddaughter ripped her of her world and left her desperate. Showing her the royal palm was her last grand beauty of Barbados and it had failed her. At the end of the passage, we learn that in the end, Da-duh does give in and surrender. When the narrator offers proof in the form of a postcard, Da-duh realizes that she has lost and all the fight went out of her at that. This expresses her wisdom and age because she doesnt fight the truth and gives her granddaughter the satisfaction. In contrast, her granddaughter couldnt do that and let her pride consume her. This shows the bashfulness of the youth and callowness. We see the clash of the two generations here.The story portrays the two different worlds of culture and modernity, of agricultural and technology, or age and youth in numerous ways. In my opinion, it is mainly through the characters of Da-duh and her granddaughter. They both have similar characters that refuse to let up and this is where the conflict occurs. Theyre both on a mission to be representatives of their world and to convince the other that where they come from is a better and a superior world.